Gaming and Learning

Can video games help people learn? James Paul Gee offers a convincing argument in What Video Games Have to Teach Us About Learning and Literacy that they in fact can create positive learning experiences at all age levels. Gee posits that beyond providing simple entertainment, video games have inherent potentials to encourage users to explore different identities, encounter and think about different cultures, or even grasp simple concepts like the power of practice.

It was fascinating to think about Tomb Raider, a game I played regularly years ago, as an educational tool. As Gee notes “This is what is magical about learning in good video games—and in good classrooms, too—learners are not always overly aware of the fact that they are ‘learning,’ how much they are learning, or how difficult it is.”(123) Subconscious messages of challenging authority and attempting to pursue one’s own goals were never part of my active thought process while playing these games, but I see Gee’s point here. The way the game is set up to offer multiple rewards for completing quests in different ways really drives home the point that these games are capable of training us about the decision making process, and the consequences involved.

I appreciate that Gee used a game like Tomb Raider, one of the all-time best selling video games, here to explicate his point rather than something obscure. I think using games people actually play makes his points more valid and, frankly, believable. It also makes his insights applicable to a wider base of both games and gamers, and his ideas can be more widely extrapolated as such.

Relevant to this week’s reading, I have been playing Myst III lately in preparation for later in the semester. If I said I was enjoying it, I would be lying … profusely. I just find it slow and tedious, and more to the point, I have never been particularly adept at (or interested in) intricate puzzles. I do enjoy a few visually based puzzles, like the ones at Eyemaze for example, but I find the ones in Myst particularly obtuse, and obviously made for people who are smarter and have more patience than I. This isn’t to say I don’t enjoy quest games that incorporate puzzles-Zelda, Castlevania, Final Fantasy, and Space Rogue were all some of my favorites growing up. But Myst lacks action, and I find the puzzles overly complex, to the point that I feel no sense of satisfaction on completing tasks, only relief. I’ll keep at it though…

Misha makes some interesting points over at Propaganda Redux on Gee, hitting the nail on the head “I just hope others in the class did not get turned off to this idea because it is in a book about video games–his points would be valid if you changed the words ‘video game to ‘books’.”

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Links

Some of the readings this semester have been so valuable in terms of the simple advice they offer regarding topics I otherwise would have never considered or thought about much. For example Jakob Nielsen’s piece on Visualizing Links was fascinating. I take it for granted that I understand which text on a webpage will contain a hyperlink, usually because of a subtle change, such as color or a text decoration. These are precisely the alterations Nielsen highlights as essential to making one’s content easily recognizable.

I wanted to see just how true this was on the web, so I visited the top ten most visited sites in the world according to Alexa. Here is what I found.

Yahoo- Links are colored but only underline on hover.
MSN- Links are colored but only underline on hover.
Google- Links are colored and underlined.
YouTube- Links are colored and underlined.
myspace- Links are colored but only underline on hover.
Windows Live- Mixed some color and underline, some color only with underline on hover.
Baidu- Links are colored and underlined.
Orkut- Links are colored and underlined.
qq.com- Most links are colored and underlined, some are neither.
Wikipedia- Links are colored but only underline on hover.

Everything Nielsen talks about plays out as true on these sites. Some lack color and underlines on site navigation links, but it is clear by the design that these are menu bars with links to other sections of the site. But it is obvious from examining the sites that consistently have the most eyes on them, that people are becoming used to seeing material on the web in a certain presentation. For example, not only is there a consistency in the decoration on the above sites, but nearly all of them use blue as the color for the links. That is somewhat remarkable when you think about it.

Really, presenting material on the web is often very similar to more traditional methods of publishing. Luke Wroblewski drives this home by examining the organization of a circus poster with regard to how its information will be consumed and understood. As much as we may want the content to speak for itself on the site, the visual presentation, organization, and overall architecture is going to be just as important in making a clear argument via a webpage. Just another important facet of web design to be conscious of going forward.

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Accessibility

Joe Clark’s idea to discard the term handicapped (or any other generalized term) in favor of words or phrases that specifically target a person’s disability is really helpful. This allows us to better conceptualize the difficulties people have in accessing web content, and how as designers we can craft sites that are easier to use and understand for people who might be deaf, blind, or have impaired motor skills. (One note: Clark’s reference to the word handicap as evocative of a derogatory image is a little off the mark. See Snopes for the lowdown.) Clark offers some excellent, and realistic, advice, reminding that there are limitations to how accessible a site can be, that some sites will never be usable for portions of the population, and that we live in an imperfect world.

Playing with the screen reader at WebAIM really drove all of this home. Namely, just how important structural design and identifier tags (such as “alt” for images and “title” for links) are for people who use screen readers. Trying to navigate through strangely titled links and repeatedly encountering navigation bars and meaninglessly named image files was an exercise in patience. Thankfully, Mark Pilgrim indicates that using CSS can alleviate many of the architectural problems, so our practice this semester can be reused here using the techniques outlined at WebAIM. I can see how duplicating the main content of a page in a hidden div above all other content makes your site much more agreeable to those using screen readers—having to listen to it read through the header graphics and navigation bar on each and every page was extremely tedious. Finally, adding an accessibility statement to summarize your efforts seems an easy and immensely helpful tool.

What is nice about working toward accessibility for your website, is that it simply pushes you in the direction of better web design. Being conscious of architecture, necessary vs. superfluous content, and additional markup (like alt tags), are hallmarks of good design, but also have the added benefit of making your site useful for a wider population.

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Re-Imaging

Photoshop is an incredibly powerful program. From creating the illusion of old and worn images to restoring and reconstructing destroyed objects to presenting historical images in a pleasing and consistent fashion, it quickly becomes apparent how with time and effort an old photograph or print can can be remade into a different document

This seems to raise a number of issues for historians who are as interested in context and provenance as they are material, especially when one considers how images can be culturally constructive in both their original and recrafted iterations.

A careful documentation of altered images seems most important, given the way the web works. Since there is a strong possibility someone else might not only find, but republish your image, identifying the original work, as well as the changes you might have made upon it could be very helpful. For example, this image of the Boston Massacre had an incorrect caption the first time I encountered it (the information for which apparently came from here). Now, in this case, an incorrect citation made its way into what is likely becoming the most prevalent singular work cited by students. If one imagines that the original image had been modified in some way, it becomes clear how quickly the disinformation can spiral out of control. Because of this, the responsibility to record one’s transformations and make the process transparent to the audience are ethically important for the historian.

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Color

I enjoyed Dave Shea’s comments at 24 ways. These were some problems I was working through on my site last week. I originally had a light tan as a border, The darker color seems to both frame and focus the content much better (is that what framing does?)

This week I find Luke Wroblewski‘s opening paragraph extremely thought provoking. He writes:

The World Wide Web is awash with sterile design solutions. Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Dell, Microsoft, and countless others are virtually indistinguishable from each other (similar layout, similar color scheme). Though one might say that this uniformity makes web browsing easier by virtue of a standardized interface, the reality is such sites create mundane experiences for their users and fail to make a positive connection with their audience.

I have been thinking quite a bit about the similarity that is often found on websites. Sometimes, it seems like there is a bit of groupthink going on, and I think that might be part of the story. There becomes an understanding of how people tend to use the internet, some articles and maybe books are written, and it becomes a de facto standard on the web. This can obviously be useful at times, e.g. comprehending that screens are much more difficult to read from than paper, and so interesting textual colors might make for a tedious and/or painful user experience.

But I imagine there is more. We talk a good deal about the collaborative nature of the web. There seems to be a culture of sharing as well. We peruse the web and everywhere are aspects of design that attract us. Oh, I like that nav bar. And that organizational structure is clarifying. Wow, those colors go together really well! And so on.

This seems at first glance a little antithetical to the creative process, but I think in fact its indicative of something else. While creative acts often are products of individual work, they almost always derive from other works. Often, the best of them borrow less or more aptly hide their sources. But plenty of inspiring creations have been made reusing and refining other material (see Marcel Duchamp for one of my personal favorites). The web has opened up the world of publishing to many not simply by making it possible for people to present material. But the tools and science of the trade are now on full display. With a pages source code always available, it becomes possible to extract and reproduce elements of design, and I think the proliferation of similar design trends evidences this.

This isn’t necessarily a bad thing. Often it contributes to ease of use and comprehension. But I think as we enter the design world it bears remembering that we should be critical and questioning of what we encounter, and willing to make choices that might buck trends if they seem reasonable to us. For what we see might not always be what we see.

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Type An’at

This week the Clio Crew attempted to find ways to create a unified typographic theme reflecting the materials we plan to include in our final projects.

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Instant Karma

Pulling myself from the depths of typography (where I have been failing miserably in finding the correct font for my project), this seems like a good time to reflect on some of the thoughts that have been milling around my head for the last week.

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Note to Loyal Readers

All two of you. There is a new RSS feed for my site, if you use that sort of thing.

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